Software:
- FracII's for design of Proppant Frac Treatments - SYNAPSE technology - самым важным этапом в процессе моделирования является настройка нейронной модели пласта.
- FracII'sAcid for design of Acid Treatments;
- FracII'sRedesign;
Reservoir Simulation
Reservoir Simulation is a critical part for any fracturing software, though only indirectly referred to in the “5 Critical Functions” of the SPE presentation. StimPlan includes a 3-D reservoir simulator for predicting (or history matching) production data from fractured (and un-fractured) wells. This includes the ability to simulate such effects as limiting perforated interval length (possibly to allow more favorable fracture geometry growth), non-Darcy flow, etc. For simpler cases, easy-to-use analytical relations allow calculations for “skin”, Folds-of-Increase, etc. Economics/Fracture Optimization The Fracture Optimization Module integrates fracture geometry simulations with the numerical 3-D reservoir model and an economics package to provide detailed production and economic optimization. This allows maximizing well performance and profitability from a planned fracture treatment.
- GOHFER - http://www.gohfer.com
Another models:
Frac3D
Frac3D is a three-dimensional finite element based fracture analysis program designed to model structural engineering problems. The software is produced by Lehigh University of Bethlehem, PA. The current version of the program is capable of conducting several structural analyses: (1) regular 3-D stress analysis, (2) 3-D fracture analysis, (3) stress and fracture analysis under “Generalized Plane Strain” conditions and (4) non-linear analysis of solid structures (for small strain plasticity) (Hu and Neid, 2003). While the program is capable of calculating a variety of 3D fracture geometries, there are some limitations that inhibit the applicability of the program to this project. The program lacks the ability to calculate multi-phase fluid flow, proppant transport, postfracture fluid flow, acid fracturing, and fractures in complex geologic stratigraphy.
@FRAC
@FRAC is a 3D fracture modeling program that is under development by Advantek International. @FRAC is a consolidation of packages to simulate injection for waste disposal and petroleum related uses. The program is a 3D hybrid finite elementboundary integral model that treats the fracture tip with singular elements (Advantek, 2004). The software package incorporates 3D virtual reality visualization with fracture treatment and design performance. This code is currently under development and a commercially available version is not available yet. Simfrac Simfrac is a hydraulic fracturing program by TAURUS Reservoir Solutions Ltd. of Calgary, Alberta. The software features a conventional 3D hydraulic fracture simulation, is fully documented and runs under Windows, but does not have a graphical user interface (Settari, 2004).
HYFRACP3D
Hyfracp3d is a psudo-3D finite element hydraulic fracture geometry simulator that utilizes 2D planar solution. The model predicts the fracture geometry over time for a fracture propagating in a three-layered system of variable lithology (Advani et al., 1985). The model employs a finite element solution to numerically solve the non-linear partial equations for fracture fluid pressure and induced fracture dimensions. The software lacks proppant transport capabilities, is limited to a three layer system, only allows for psudo- 3D simulations, and does not have a graphics package.
- FracII's for design of Proppant Frac Treatments - SYNAPSE technology - самым важным этапом в процессе моделирования является настройка нейронной модели пласта.
- FracII'sAcid for design of Acid Treatments;
- FracII'sRedesign;
Reservoir Simulation
Reservoir Simulation is a critical part for any fracturing software, though only indirectly referred to in the “5 Critical Functions” of the SPE presentation. StimPlan includes a 3-D reservoir simulator for predicting (or history matching) production data from fractured (and un-fractured) wells. This includes the ability to simulate such effects as limiting perforated interval length (possibly to allow more favorable fracture geometry growth), non-Darcy flow, etc. For simpler cases, easy-to-use analytical relations allow calculations for “skin”, Folds-of-Increase, etc. Economics/Fracture Optimization The Fracture Optimization Module integrates fracture geometry simulations with the numerical 3-D reservoir model and an economics package to provide detailed production and economic optimization. This allows maximizing well performance and profitability from a planned fracture treatment.
2D Models:
- Radial
- Perkins-Kern Nordgren (PKN)
- Khristianovich-Geertsma-DeKlerk (KGD)
- Radial
- Perkins-Kern Nordgren (PKN)
- Khristianovich-Geertsma-DeKlerk (KGD)
Cost of some software:
Pseudo-3D Models:
- MFRAC/Mayer
MFRAC is a 3D fracture simulator that is the core of a suite of software packages produced by Meyer and Associates, Inc. of Natrona Heights, PA. MFRAC features 3D fracture geometry with fully coupled proppant transport, integrated acid fracturing, pumping schedule design, multilayer fracturing, options for 2D solutions, simulation of horizontal fractures, and a database of proppant, fluid and rock properties (Meyer, 2004). The fracture simulator calculates fracture length, height, width and geometry parameters 12 as a function of time (Warpinski, et al., 1994). MFrac is a sophisticated and robust fracture simulator package.
- StimPlan, e-StimPlan
STIMPLAN is a state-of-the-art 3D hydraulic fracture simulator for complex situations as well as a complete design tool kit produced by NSI Technologies Inc. of Tulsa Oklahoma (Warpinski et al., 1994; NSI, 2004a). The software package offers fully 3D fracture geometry solutions in layered environments, pseudo-3D numerical fracture modeling, 2D quick simulations, 2D numerical multi-phase flow, and can simulate the simultaneous growth of multiple fractures at different intervals. StimPlan incorporates numerical modeling technology with gridded fracture models to calculate fracture geometry in layered formations. Implicit finite difference calculations are used to solve equations of mass balance, height growth, and fluid flow. Fracture width is simulated through finite element calculations. Fluid flow and proppant transport in the fracture is calculated using 2D numeric multi-phase flow solutions. StimPlan also has the capability of simulating acid fractures and designing pump schedules. It includes a database of properties for fracturing fluids and proppants and offers data handling and analysis capabilities.
StimPlan consists of: QUIK - an integrated analytical set of equations for instantaneous solution of 2-D fracture geometries. This is used for fracturing pressure analysis, and for developing initial design schedules that are refined by the simulator. QUIK is also a screening tool for reviewing treatment designs and/or for sensitivity studies. 3-D SIMULATOR - The main simulator is a "pseudo 3-D" type model, however, it is a true numerical simulation performing implicit finite difference solutions to basic equations of mass balance, elasticity, height growth, and fluid flow. This is the "main model" of StimPlan and is used for finalizing treatment designs and history matching actual net treating pressure data. The model simulates complex geologic environments with frac growth through multiple formations with differing values of stress, strength, modulus, and fluid loss.
E-StimPlan represents a new level of technical sophistication for routine, PC based, fracture design models. This is an enhanced StimPlan, with a rigorous numerical solution for 2- dimensional fluid-flow/proppant-transport. This also includes the only geometry model to correctly handle layered modulus cases using finite element technology. N-FRACS is part of the E-StimPlan module and uses EStimPlan technology to consider multiple fracture initiation from separate perforated intervals. This incorporates the wellbore into the solution, and simultaneously solves for fracture growth, geometry, etc. for “N” fractures. This includes rigorous calculations for effects of these fractures joining, or interfering. • E-StimPlan 3D is a full, planar 3-D geometry model for analyzing the effects of complex geologic environments on fracture propagation & final geometry. This tool is particularly valuable for cuttings injection and disposal type analysis where large volumes can create dangerous height growth, and where effects such as filter cake buildup, often ignorable for propped fracture treatment modeling, can become important.
- FracCade
GOHFER is around 50K as Jonathan
mentioned and StimPlan is around the same number.
FracMan is around 100K for
single user and it can cost around 150K for multi-user.
MFrac is around 27K and MShale
is addition will cost 8.5K on top of this.
Pseudo-3D Models:
- MFRAC/Mayer
MFRAC is a 3D fracture simulator that is the core of a suite of software packages produced by Meyer and Associates, Inc. of Natrona Heights, PA. MFRAC features 3D fracture geometry with fully coupled proppant transport, integrated acid fracturing, pumping schedule design, multilayer fracturing, options for 2D solutions, simulation of horizontal fractures, and a database of proppant, fluid and rock properties (Meyer, 2004). The fracture simulator calculates fracture length, height, width and geometry parameters 12 as a function of time (Warpinski, et al., 1994). MFrac is a sophisticated and robust fracture simulator package.
- StimPlan, e-StimPlan
STIMPLAN is a state-of-the-art 3D hydraulic fracture simulator for complex situations as well as a complete design tool kit produced by NSI Technologies Inc. of Tulsa Oklahoma (Warpinski et al., 1994; NSI, 2004a). The software package offers fully 3D fracture geometry solutions in layered environments, pseudo-3D numerical fracture modeling, 2D quick simulations, 2D numerical multi-phase flow, and can simulate the simultaneous growth of multiple fractures at different intervals. StimPlan incorporates numerical modeling technology with gridded fracture models to calculate fracture geometry in layered formations. Implicit finite difference calculations are used to solve equations of mass balance, height growth, and fluid flow. Fracture width is simulated through finite element calculations. Fluid flow and proppant transport in the fracture is calculated using 2D numeric multi-phase flow solutions. StimPlan also has the capability of simulating acid fractures and designing pump schedules. It includes a database of properties for fracturing fluids and proppants and offers data handling and analysis capabilities.
StimPlan consists of: QUIK - an integrated analytical set of equations for instantaneous solution of 2-D fracture geometries. This is used for fracturing pressure analysis, and for developing initial design schedules that are refined by the simulator. QUIK is also a screening tool for reviewing treatment designs and/or for sensitivity studies. 3-D SIMULATOR - The main simulator is a "pseudo 3-D" type model, however, it is a true numerical simulation performing implicit finite difference solutions to basic equations of mass balance, elasticity, height growth, and fluid flow. This is the "main model" of StimPlan and is used for finalizing treatment designs and history matching actual net treating pressure data. The model simulates complex geologic environments with frac growth through multiple formations with differing values of stress, strength, modulus, and fluid loss.
E-StimPlan represents a new level of technical sophistication for routine, PC based, fracture design models. This is an enhanced StimPlan, with a rigorous numerical solution for 2- dimensional fluid-flow/proppant-transport. This also includes the only geometry model to correctly handle layered modulus cases using finite element technology. N-FRACS is part of the E-StimPlan module and uses EStimPlan technology to consider multiple fracture initiation from separate perforated intervals. This incorporates the wellbore into the solution, and simultaneously solves for fracture growth, geometry, etc. for “N” fractures. This includes rigorous calculations for effects of these fractures joining, or interfering. • E-StimPlan 3D is a full, planar 3-D geometry model for analyzing the effects of complex geologic environments on fracture propagation & final geometry. This tool is particularly valuable for cuttings injection and disposal type analysis where large volumes can create dangerous height growth, and where effects such as filter cake buildup, often ignorable for propped fracture treatment modeling, can become important.
- FracCade
Lumped Parameter Models:
- FracPro - ru.scribd.com/doc/30542629/FracproPT-Short-Course#scribd
- FracPro-PT
- FracPro - ru.scribd.com/doc/30542629/FracproPT-Short-Course#scribd
- FracPro-PT
3D Models:
- GOHFER - http://www.gohfer.com
What is GOHFER®
GOHFER®, which stands for Grid Oriented HydraulicFracture Extension Replicator, is a planar 3-D geometry fracture simulator with a fully coupled fluid/solid transport simulator.
GOHFER® was developed by Dr. Bob Barree of Barree & Associates in association with Stim-Lab, a division of Core Laboratories. GOHFER® has been continually refined using established formulations that have been verified in Stim-Lab's laboratory and in the field. GOHFER® allows direct importing of digital log data and has a built-in log analysis package to create a more accurate lithologic description which means less tuning and fewer assumptions.
A regular grid structure is used to describe the entire reservoir, similar to a reservoir simulator. The grid structure allows for vertical and lateral variations, multiple perforated intervals as well as single and bi-wing asymmetric fractures to model the most complex reservoirs. GOHFER®allows modeling of multiple fracture initiation sites simultaneously and shows diversion between perforations. The grid is used for both elastic rock displacement calculations as well as a planar finite difference grid for the fluid flow solutions. Fluid composition, proppant concentration, shear, leakoff, width, pressure, viscosity and other state variables are defined at each grid block.
The in-situ stress is internally calculated from pore pressure, poroelasticity, elastic moduli and geologically consistent boundary conditions. The width solution is fully 3-D allowing shear decoupling and local displacements are controlled by local pressures and rock properties. Screenouts consider localized leakoff and proppant holdup and are not assumed to be caused by pad depletion or insufficient width. Fracture extension is based on a smoothly closing tip model and eliminates the fictitious singularity at the tip as well as the stress intensity factor. GOHFER®accurately models fracturing results as verified by radioactive tracer, micro-seismic and tilt-meter surveys. It is the only model that is backed by more than 15 years of laboratory research in all major areas of transport and mechanics.
GOHFER®'s production forecasting and treatment economics model determines fracture cleanup and overall performance from an iterative solution of fracture and reservoir deliverability.
Regardless of how much input data you have, GOHFER makes it easy. GOHFER can integrate multiple LAS and/or CSV files, and even core data. Have little data to begin with? GOHFER has multiple built-in correlations to maximize the data you do have.
Review the additional literature below to find out more about GOHFER® or contact Kevin Svatek at 281-413-4853 or at Kevin@Barree.net to learn more.
What is the desired and minimum log suite that is needed in GOHFER's log analysis package?
The following log suite is desired for GOHFER to provide the maximum number of mechanical property correlations:
Caliper (CAL)
Gamma Ray (GR)
Bulk Density (RHOB)
Neutron Porosity (NPHI)
Deep Resistivity (AT90 or AF90)
Density Porosity (DPHI)
Transit Time (compressional) (DTC)
Transit Time (shear) (DTS)
While the absolute minimum is a Gamma Ray (GR) curve alone, the ideal minimum log suite required for GOHFER is a triple combo which consists of:
Gamma Ray (GR)
Bulk Density (RHOB) or Density Porosity (DPHI)
Neutron Porosity (NPHI)
Deep Resistivity (AT90 or AF90)
Bulk Density (RHOB) or Density Porosity (DPHI)
Neutron Porosity (NPHI)
Deep Resistivity (AT90 or AF90)
GOHFER is a 3D planar fracture propagation and slurry transport simulator
produced by Core Laboratories. GOHFER (Grid Oriented Hydraulic Fracture Extension
Replicator) is a simulator that models proppant transport, acid fractures, multiple
fractures, simulates fractures from horizontal and asymmetric wells, and can account for
vertical and lateral variations in leakoff (Benson, 2004). The model is based on a regular
grid structure to calculate elastic rock displacement and fluid flow solutions. Simulations
are calculated by assigning each grid values for important parameters. Displacement of
the fracture face at the nodes is determined by an integration of the pressure distribution
over each node (Warpinski et al., 1994).
- N-StimPlan - contact: Mike Smith mbsmith@nsitech.com
- Terra-Frac
TerraFRAC is a 3D numerical software package for modeling and solving hydraulic fracturing, waste disposal and cuttings re-injection problems. The software is produced by TerraTek Inc. of Salt Lake City, UT. The program is also capable of solving complicated and non-standard fracturing treatments, including fractures in dipping layers with high stress contrast, and proppant or cuttings transport (Terratek, 2004). The drawbacks of this code are that it lacks a pumping schedule design option.
- N-StimPlan - contact: Mike Smith mbsmith@nsitech.com
- Terra-Frac
TerraFRAC is a 3D numerical software package for modeling and solving hydraulic fracturing, waste disposal and cuttings re-injection problems. The software is produced by TerraTek Inc. of Salt Lake City, UT. The program is also capable of solving complicated and non-standard fracturing treatments, including fractures in dipping layers with high stress contrast, and proppant or cuttings transport (Terratek, 2004). The drawbacks of this code are that it lacks a pumping schedule design option.
Another models:
Frac3D
Frac3D is a three-dimensional finite element based fracture analysis program designed to model structural engineering problems. The software is produced by Lehigh University of Bethlehem, PA. The current version of the program is capable of conducting several structural analyses: (1) regular 3-D stress analysis, (2) 3-D fracture analysis, (3) stress and fracture analysis under “Generalized Plane Strain” conditions and (4) non-linear analysis of solid structures (for small strain plasticity) (Hu and Neid, 2003). While the program is capable of calculating a variety of 3D fracture geometries, there are some limitations that inhibit the applicability of the program to this project. The program lacks the ability to calculate multi-phase fluid flow, proppant transport, postfracture fluid flow, acid fracturing, and fractures in complex geologic stratigraphy.
@FRAC
@FRAC is a 3D fracture modeling program that is under development by Advantek International. @FRAC is a consolidation of packages to simulate injection for waste disposal and petroleum related uses. The program is a 3D hybrid finite elementboundary integral model that treats the fracture tip with singular elements (Advantek, 2004). The software package incorporates 3D virtual reality visualization with fracture treatment and design performance. This code is currently under development and a commercially available version is not available yet. Simfrac Simfrac is a hydraulic fracturing program by TAURUS Reservoir Solutions Ltd. of Calgary, Alberta. The software features a conventional 3D hydraulic fracture simulation, is fully documented and runs under Windows, but does not have a graphical user interface (Settari, 2004).
HYFRACP3D
Hyfracp3d is a psudo-3D finite element hydraulic fracture geometry simulator that utilizes 2D planar solution. The model predicts the fracture geometry over time for a fracture propagating in a three-layered system of variable lithology (Advani et al., 1985). The model employs a finite element solution to numerically solve the non-linear partial equations for fracture fluid pressure and induced fracture dimensions. The software lacks proppant transport capabilities, is limited to a three layer system, only allows for psudo- 3D simulations, and does not have a graphics package.
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